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Unmanned Vessel Plans Need Improvement, Agency Says
By Geoff Ziezulewicz
While the U.S. Navy is steaming full speed ahead in developing unmanned surface and undersea drones to augment the fleet of the future, the information technology and the artificial intelligence that will drive these platforms remain a work in progress. The sea service needs to better map out its efforts, according to a recent government watchdog report.
Navy shipbuilding plans call for spending more than $4 billion on such drones over the next five years, but that plan “does not account for the full costs to develop and operate these systems,” a Government Accountability Office report found.
Replacing crews requires IT and Al capabilities that the Navy has just begun to examine.
GAO's audit, which began in October 2020, found that the Navy is “only beginning to assess (unmanned systems”) effects on existing shipbuilding plans.”
“While the Navy has outlined a plan to spend $4.3 billion on uncrewed maritime systems in its shipbuilding plan, we found that this understates the costs associated with these systems because it does not account for all costs - specifically operations and sustainment, and the digital infrastructure necessary to enable them," the report states.
Funding unmanned development could also come under pressure from competing shipbuilding demands. The report found that the Navy has yet to stand up criteria for evaluating prototypes or developing better schedules for such prototype efforts.
The Navy is looking to introduce several unmanned systems into the fleet in the coming decades, according to GAO, and while some software will be unique to each platform, the Navy also wants to have a lot of common digital infrastructure among these vehicles.
This digital infrastructure would involve Al capabilities built over time to better help the platforms communicate, sense their surroundings and manage reams of data, the report states.
Navy officials told GAO that the sea service needs a host of technologies, including simulation software, software for autonomy and mission planning, large datasets for machine learning, as well as commercial tech and software that can be quickly bought and melded into Navy systems.
Among its recommendations, the report states that the Navy should provide Congress with a cost estimate for the full scope of work that will be required to make unmanned systems part of the fleet, while developing an approach to refine this estimate in the next shipbuilding plan.
The service should also establish an “uncrewed maritime systems portfolio” and offer more detail about how it intends to reach its unmanned objectives.
(Adapted from Navy Times. May 2022, p. 15.https://www .navytimes.com/)
Read the text below and answer the question.
COVID Airborne Transmission v. Monkeypox: Key Differences between viruses
By Aristos Georgiou
More than 1,000 cases of monkeypox have been confirmed around the world in several countries where the disease is not usually found - including the United States - raising questions about how the virus is spreading. But can monkeypox, a rare disease that is usually restricted to parts of Central and West Africa, spread via airborne transmission like the SARS-CoV-2 virus?
Some infectious diseases can spread through airborne transmission via tiny respiratory droplets known as aerosols that can become suspended in the air. These droplets are produced when an individual exhales, sneezes, coughs, talks, or sings, for example. These droplets can contain live viruses or other pathogens that can potentially infect healthy people if they land in the eyes, nose or mouth.
Airborne transmission does not require face-toface contact, and, in fact, an infected person does not even have to be in the same room as another individual to infect them because the droplets can linger in the air for some time,
Several diseases spread through airborne transmission, including measles and chickenpox. Others, meanwhile, can spread via larger respiratory droplets that do not float in the air as easily and fall to the ground faster.
SARS-CoV-2' spreads through exposure to respiratory fluids containirig the infectious virus, and, while it was not clear if the early stages of the: "CÓVID-19 pandemic, we now kriow that this can include âerosols. poa tt
(Adapted from https://www.neiuswesk com)
Friday the 13th is considered a day on which bad things occur. It is a superstition. A superstition is a belief in something ominous without an actual reason. The origin of this superstition is unclear. Both Friday and the number 13 have been considered unlucky for hundreds of years. Bad luck associated with the number 13 may have biblical roots. Some believe Eve bit the apple from the Tree of Knowledge on the 13th day. Others point to the idea that there were 13 people present for Jesus’s Last Supper, the day before Good Friday. The number 13 was considered so unlucky, that many hotels and buildings were built without a 13th floor! It wasn’t until the 20th century, however, that Friday and “13” were paired together in bad luck. In 1907, author Thomas Lawson wrote Friday, the Thirteenth. The book was about a stock broker who purposely caused the stockmarket to crash on that day.
The Friday the 13th superstition, however, gained serious traction with the Friday the 13th horror film series. Originally released in 1980, the story centers around the “ghost” of Jason Voorhees. In the movie, Jason, with his iconic hockey mask, hunts the hapless characters who come to vacation at Crystal Lake – the lake he drowned in as a child. Twelve movies later, the Friday the 13th series remains one of the most successful horror film franchises in history.
Is Friday the 13th actually unlucky compared to other days? Not really. There is no actual evidence to suggest that events that have occurred on Friday the 13th throughout history are worse than events that have occurred on other days. Some studies have shown that Friday the 13th is actually safer than other days because people are more anxious and attentive. People may actually find Friday the 13th to be lucky. It is thought that air travel is cheaper and booking a wedding is much cheaper on Friday the 13th than on other days. It is clear, however, that Friday the 13th will be around for a long time. Over the next 4,800 months, the 13th will occur on Friday more than any other day!
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